The Effect of One Bad Apple on the Barrel
by : Francesca Gino, Shahar Ayal, and Dan Ariely
by : Francesca Gino, Shahar Ayal, and Dan Ariely
(Published by : PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE, Volume 20—Number 3, 2009)
ABSTRACT
In a world where encounters with dishonesty are frequent, it is important to know if exposure to other people’s unethical behavior can increase or decrease an individual’s dishonesty. In Experiment 1, our confederate cheated ostentatiously by finishing a task impossibly quickly and leaving the room with the maximum reward.
In line with social-norms theory, participants’ level of unethical behavior increased when the confederate was an in-group member, but decreased when the confederate was an out-group member. In Experiment 2, our confederate instead asked a question about cheating, which merely strengthened the saliency of this possibility. This manipulation decreased the level of unethical behavior among the other group members. These results suggest that individuals’ unethicality does not depend on the simple calculations of cost-benefit analysis, but rather depends on the social norms implied by the dishonesty of others and also on the saliency of dishonesty.
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In line with social-norms theory, participants’ level of unethical behavior increased when the confederate was an in-group member, but decreased when the confederate was an out-group member. In Experiment 2, our confederate instead asked a question about cheating, which merely strengthened the saliency of this possibility. This manipulation decreased the level of unethical behavior among the other group members. These results suggest that individuals’ unethicality does not depend on the simple calculations of cost-benefit analysis, but rather depends on the social norms implied by the dishonesty of others and also on the saliency of dishonesty.
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It is almost impossible to open a newspaper or turn on a television without being exposed to a report of dishonest behavior of one type or another. Names such as Enron, Tyco, and Arthur Andersen provide extreme examples; other examples include cheating on taxes, insurance fraud, employee theft, academic dishonesty, athletes’ use of illegal drugs, and of course illegal
downloading of software and digital content.
Given so many first- and second-hand encounters with unethical behavior, one important question that comes to mind concerns the effect of such exposure on otherwise honest individuals. Do they tend to start engaging in unethical behavior?
In the current work, we explored this very question by examining the conditions under which exposure to the unethical . . . . . . . . . . . . .(baca_selengkapnya)
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downloading of software and digital content.
Given so many first- and second-hand encounters with unethical behavior, one important question that comes to mind concerns the effect of such exposure on otherwise honest individuals. Do they tend to start engaging in unethical behavior?
In the current work, we explored this very question by examining the conditions under which exposure to the unethical . . . . . . . . . . . . .(baca_selengkapnya)
Artikel lengkap dikompilasi oleh/hubungi :
Kanaidi, SE., M.Si (Penulis, Peneliti, PeBisnis, Trainer dan Dosen Marketing Management). e-mail ke : kana_ati@yahoo.com atau kanaidi@poltekpos.ac.id
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